Global Human Rights Defence

cropped-cropped-GHRD-Logo-1.png
Donate Now!
1 Comment / Articles / By
Shedding light on the depths of human trafficking in Asia
Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
Share
Instagram
Source:asianews.it

Even after long-lasting efforts by the international community as well as single states, human trafficking remains one of the most urgent issues of today´s world. Most cases take place clandestinely and occur in the Global South. Therefore, the topic is not very present in Western media and general public debate, and exact data is difficult to acquire. However, the atrocities and injustices committed deserve attention and immediate action. This article provides an overview of the extent of the issue in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, the three countries with the highest numbers of human trafficking cases detected worldwide. Furthermore, the different legal frameworks adopted to combat the problem by these countries will be introduced.

Introduction to Human Trafficking 

Human trafficking is a modern-day form of slavery. It takes place in different capacities and exploits them in different situations. 

Human trafficking can be described through several definitions. All definitions revolve around exploitation, labour, harm, and financial shortcomings. The UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons defines ‘’Trafficking in persons’’ as  ‘’the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation” . 

This paper will discuss human trafficking in Asia and more specifically in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. These countries have the highest rate of human trafficking in the world and are ranked among the top traffickers in Asia (BIPPS, 2011). 

Human trafficking in Asia 

Human trafficking is one of the most significant social problems of the global south. Having said that, human trafficking is an issue with a worldwide scope, and one may argue that it is fueled by the never-ending cycle of poverty. In South Asia, trafficking has also been defined as “the moving, selling or buying of women and children for prostitution within and outside a country for monetary or other considerations with or without the consent of the person subjected to trafficking” by the Bangladesh Institute of peace and security studies (BIPPS, 2011). 

Lenient laws and corruption can also be seen as factors that allow human trafficking to persist. According to a policy brief by World Vision, out of the 600,000 to 800,000 people trafficked every year, about 250,000 are estimated to be from South-East Asia and 150,000 from South Asia. 

Another reason why the demand for human trafficking is still high is the lack of economic opportunities. These trafficked individuals are used in various spheres such as sexual exploitation, forced labour, domestic servitude, child begging or the removal of their organs. Factors such as lack of access to education; armed conflict; domestic violence, child abandonment, and various discriminatory practices continue to increase the supply of trafficked individuals (NIOC).

India

Human trafficking in India takes place in many forms including, but not limited to sexual exploitation, begging, prostitution etc. A majority of the trafficked individuals belong to scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and other backward classes. In 2019, the largest number of human trafficking cases were registered in Maharashtra. Several rules and regulations have been set up by the state and central government to tackle the human trafficking situation in the subcontinent (MEA, Govt of India). 

Trafficking of Human Beings or Persons is prohibited under the Constitution of India under Article 23 (1). The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (ITPA) is the main legislation for the prevention of trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation.

Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013 provides comprehensive measures to counter human trafficking, including trafficking of children for exploitation in any form, including physical exploitation or any form of sexual exploitation, slavery, servitude, or the forced removal of organs. The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, came into effect on November 14, 2012. It protects children from sexual abuse and exploitation. It provides precise definitions for different forms of sexual abuse, including penetrative and non-penetrative sexual assault, and sexual harassment (MEA, Govt of India).

There are other specific enacted legislation related to the trafficking of individuals. Moreover, state governments have also enacted specific legislation to deal with the issue. Additionally, Anti-Trafficking Nodal Cell was set up in the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). MHA conducts coordination meetings with the Nodal Officers of Anti Human Trafficking Units nominated in all States/UTs periodically (MEA, Govt of India).

India has ratified the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime (UNCTOC) which has, as one of its Protocols, Prevention, Suppression and Punishment of Trafficking in Persons, particularly Women and Children. India has also ratified the SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution. India has also collaborated with neighbouring countries to control trafficking. For instance, a memorandum of understanding was signed to establish bilateral cooperation between India and Bangladesh on human trafficking (MEA, Govt of India). 

Despite all these regulations, India still struggles with controlling human trafficking within its borders.  

Pakistan 

As in India, human trafficking takes place in several forms in Pakistan as well. The most common forms include sexual exploitation and bonded labour. The highest number of trafficking victims belongs to different vulnerable groups including women, girls, young boys and children (The Borgen Project, 2021). 

Pakistan first took measures to combat human trafficking at the national level back in 2002. Since then, the Pakistani government has been working to pass more and more legislation to effectively resolve the problem. In 2018, Pakistan passed the Prevention of Trafficking in Persons Act. The PTPA calls for prison sentences ranging from 2 to 10 years for labour and sex trafficking violations and fines(The Borgen Project, 2021). 

In combatting human trafficking the government of Pakistan also makes use of certain sections of the Pakistan penal code, such as article 371A and article 371B which criminalized the buying and selling of a person for prostitution. Article 374 of the penal code refers to the criminalization of unlawful compulsory labour. The penal code also addresses the criminalization of exposure of seduction to children, child pornography, the offence of cruelty to children, and the offence of sexual abuse against children (The Borgen Project, 2021).  

Pakistan signed the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime in 2000. There has been a lot of legislation in recent years guaranteeing legal protections to children and augmenting the powers of the state to punish perpetrators. This includes the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) Child Protection Act 2018.

Bangladesh 

With the backdrop of the ongoing coronavirus crisis, identifying trafficked victims has become harder than ever. Lockdowns and curfews have further increased human trafficking in so many respects (UNDOC).

Human trafficking, in the backdrop of the coronavirus crisis, in Bangladesh have increased in comparison to 10 years ago . Human trafficking in Bangladesh is as prevalent as it is due to a large number of factors such as its large population, chronic poverty, ongoing natural disaster and rural-urban migration due to unemployment, increased insecurity of the girls, lack of shelter in disaster periods, gender inequality etc (The Borgen Project, 2020). 

Bangladesh has enacted several domestic legislation in their combat against human trafficking such as the Prevention of Cruelty against Women and Children Act 2000, which addresses the prohibition of the trafficking of women and children for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation. Not to forget is that their penal code under articles 372 and 373 also prohibits the selling and buying of children.

In Bangladesh, the majority of trafficked individuals are Rohingya migrants from Myanmar, due to the large influx of Rohingya migrants in 2017. Bangladesh, with the assistance of USAID, is making progress in suing traffickers and making resources for victims more available (The Borgen Project, 2020).  

In 2007,  the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is reached out to strengthen Bangladesh’s ability to fight trafficking on a legal and financial level, with the UN Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking .  

And in 2018 the UN and European Union initiated a joint project called The Global Action against Trafficking in Persons and the Smuggling of Migrants – Bangladesh (GLO.ACT – Bangladesh)’’.

Conclusion

Common factors such as poverty, large population, gender inequality etc. have led to increased human trafficking in India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. Nevertheless, it must be noted that all three countries have put in persisted efforts to tackle human trafficking within and across their borders. Unfortunately, despite the persistent efforts in practice, there has been a slow and little progress in policy development in the field of human trafficking in South Asia. Nevertheless, there is a hope that the combined efforts of communities, non-governmental organizations, private companies, international organizations, and public institutions, will help, in the long run, to tackle human trafficking on a global level. 

Bibliography:

Combatting Human Trafficking in Pakistan (2021). The Borgen Project. doi:https://borgenproject.org/human-trafficking-in-pakistan/

Counter trafficking in persons (2021). USAID. doi: https://www.usaid.gov/trafficking

Dearnley, R. Prevention, Prosection and Protection – Human Trafficking. The United Nations. doi: https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/prevention-prosection-and-protection-human-trafficking

Human Trafficking. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. doi: https://mea.gov.in/human-trafficking.htm

Human Trafficking: A security concern for Bangladesh (2011). BIPPS, 9, pp. 1 – 16. doi: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/164375/Issue%209.pdf

Human smuggling and trafficking in Pakistan. NIOC Pakistan. doi:https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Human-Smuggling-and-Trafficking.pdf

Human Trafficking in Bangladesh (2020). The Borgen Project. doi:https://borgenproject.org/human-trafficking-in-bangladesh/ 

Impact of the COVID19 pandemic on trafficking in persons. UNDOC. doi: https://www.unodc.org/documents/Advocacy-Section/HTMSS_Thematic_Brief_on_COVID-19.pdf

  1.  Article 3 of the UN protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime can be found at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/protocoltraffickinginpersons.aspx
  2.  a non-party, non-profit organization and independent think tank devoted to studying peace and security issues related to South and Southeast Asia. The institute seeks to bridge the gap between academic research and policy analysis within the context of Bangladesh and other countries of South and Southeast Asia
  3. This link helps us further understand the topic at hand https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Human-Smuggling-and-Trafficking.pdf

  4.    An global Christian humanitarian organization.That  partners with children, families, and their communities to reach their full potential by tackling the causes of poverty and injustice.The link redirects to the organizations webpage: https://www.wvi.org/emergencies/coronavirus-health-crisis

  5.  This data is to be found at: https://www.worldvision.com.au/docs/default-source/publications/human-rights-and-trafficking/people-trafficking-in-the-asia-region.pdf

  6.  This link helps us further understand the topic at hand https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/humanrights/2021/02/11/human-trafficking-in-india-how-the-colonial-legacy-of-the-anti-human-trafficking-regime-undermines-migrant-and-worker-agency/

  7. This link helps us further understand the topic at hand https://mea.gov.in/human-trafficking.htm
  8. Article 23 Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law, full text accessible at: https://accountabilityhub.org/provision/constitution-of-india-article-23-2/

  9.  Act accessible at https://tcw.nic.in/Acts/Immoral_Traffic_Prevention_Act_(ITPA)_1956.pdf

  10.  Accessible at https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=93631

  11.  Deal with offences including child sexual abuse and child pornography. The Act through its 46 provisions increased the scope of reporting offences against children, which were not earlier covered under the Indian Penal Code.https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2079?locale=en

  12. act as a focal point for communicating various decisions and follow up on action taken by the State Governments. It also interfaces with other Ministries and National Crime Records Bureau in the collation and dissemination of information. All the States/Union Territories Administrations have nominated Anti-Trafficking Nodal Officers who coordinate amongst themselves in inter-state trafficking cases.
  13.  Accessible at  https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/organized-crime/intro/UNTOC.html
  14. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) deals with the problem of trafficking. The SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution of 2002 was signed by Member States including India.  The main purpose of this Convention is to promote cooperation amongst Member States so that they may effectively deal with the various aspects of trafficking in women and children. Accessible at https://evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/fr/countries/asia/india/2002/south-asian-association-for-regional-cooperation

  15.  Bonded labor, also known as debt bondage and peonage, happens when people give themselves into slavery as security against a loan or when they inherit a debt from a relative. More information at http://www.endslaverynow.org/learn/slavery-today/bonded-labor

  16.  PTPA is accessible at http://www.senate.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1533270017_228.pdf
  17.   The penal code is accessible at http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/1860/actXLVof1860.html
  18.  Accessible at  https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/organized-crime/intro/UNTOC.html
  19.  provides protection of vulnerable children at ICT level. Link towards the legislation: http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1528263176_639.pdf
  20.  Act accessible at : https://iknowpolitics.org/sites/default/files/prevention_act_bangladesh.pdf

  21.  Penal code accessible at: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/bd/bd020en.pdf

  22.  are  stateless Indo-Aryan ethnic group of which the majority follows Islam and reside in the Rahine State in Myanmar.[
  23.  In August 2017, the Myanmar authorities burned down  entire villiges of the rohinya community, families where murdered or seperted. As  result the Rohinya people fled to Bangladesh, where they found shelter in refugees camps in Bangladesh.  

  24.   An NGO that leads international development and humanitarian efforts to save lives, reduce poverty, strengthen democratic governance and help people progress beyond assistance.  For further information visit https://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are

  25. T he United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN. GIFT) was conceived to promote the global fight on human trafficking, on the basis of international agreements reached at the UN. .
  26.  project works on  d eveloping evidence-based information on  trafficking and  smuggling   patterns and trends, legislative review and harmonization, capability development of criminal justice actors, and international cooperation. The project also provides direct assistance to victims of human trafficking and  migrants in vulnerable situations  through the strengthening of identification, referral, and protection mechanisms, accessible at https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/glo-act3/overview.html

POPULAR POSTS

Subscribe to our Newsletter

FOLLOW US

Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
Share
Instagram

Related Posts:

1 thought on “Shedding light on the depths of human trafficking in Asia”

Leave a Comment

Your email address will not be published.

About GHRD

Our mission is to actively promote and protect human rights of the minorities and marginalized groups, in order to enhance their socio-economic status.

Our vision is to grant a world where the rights of all minorities and marginalized groups are respected and upheld in accordance with national and international laws, treaties and agreements.

Contact Us

Address: STICHING GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENCE
Riviervismarkt 5-unit 2.07 2513 AM ‘S-Gravenhage
Email: info@ghrd.org
Chambers of commerce:  27261631

Organization in Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council since 2015

Donate

Help us Change the Lives of Individuals Globally

Donate Now!
Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
Share
Instagram

Bank Details

ABNAMRO IBAN:

NL69ABNA0417943024
BIC: ABNANL2A

Quick Links: 

Human Rights Film Festival The Hague

Register

Human Rights Film Festival The Hague

This will close in 0 seconds

Kenza Mena
Team Coordinator -China

Kenza Mena has expertise in international criminal law since she is currently pursuing a last-year Master’s degree in International Criminal Justice at Paris II Panthéon-Assas and obtained with honors cum laude an LLM in International and Transnational Criminal Law from the University of Amsterdam. She also holds a Bachelor’s degree in French and Anglo-American law. 

Since September 2021, she has been the coordinator of Team China at GHRD, a country where violations of human rights, even international crimes, are frequently perpetrated by representatives of the State. Within Team China, awareness is also raised on discrimination that Chinese women and minorities in the country and, more generally, Chinese people around the world are facing.

Kenza believes that the primary key step to tackle atrocities perpetrated around the world is advocacy and promotion of human rights.

Linkedin
Aimilina Sarafi
Pakistan Coordinator

Aimilina Sarafi holds a Bachelor’s degree cum laude in International Relations and Organisations from Leiden University and is currently pursuing a Double Legal Master’s degree (LLM) in Public International Law and International Criminal Law at the University of Amsterdam.
She is an active advocate for the human rights of all peoples in her community and is passionate about creating a better world for future generations. Aimilina is the coordinator for the GHRD team of Pakistan, in which human rights violations of minority communities in Pakistan are investigated and legally evaluated based on international human rights legal standards.
Her team is working on raising awareness on the plight of minority communities such as women, children, religious and ethnic minorities within Pakistan.

Linkedin
Lukas Mitidieri
Coordinator & Head Researcher- Bangladesh

Lucas Mitidieri is currently pursuing his bachelor’s degree in International Relations at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). As the GHRD Bangladesh Team Coordinator, he advocates for human rights and monitors violations across all minorities and marginalized groups in Bangladesh. Lucas believes that the fight for International Human Rights is the key to a world with better social justice and greater equality.

Linkedin
Nicole Hutchinson
Editorial Team Lead

Nicole has an MSc in International Development Studies with a focus on migration. She is passionate about promoting human rights and fighting poverty through advocacy and empowering human choice. Nicole believes that even the simplest social justice efforts, when properly nurtured, can bring about radical and positive change worldwide.

Linkedin
Gabriela Johannen
Coordinator & Head Researcher – India

Gabriela Johannen is a lawyer admitted to the German bar and holds extensive knowledge in the fields of human rights, refugee law, and international law. After working for various courts and law firms in her home country, she decided to obtain an LL.M. degree from Utrecht University where she studied Public International Law with a special focus on Human Rights. Additionally, while working as a pro-bono legal advisor for refugees, she expanded her knowledge in the fields of refugee law and migration.

Gabriela is the coordinator and head researcher for GHRD India, a country, she has had a personal connection with since childhood. Her primary focus is to raise awareness for the severe human rights violations against minorities and marginalized groups that continue to occur on a daily basis in India. By emphasizing the happenings and educating the general public, she hopes to create a better world for future generations.

Linkedin
João Victor
Coordinator & Head Researcher – International Justice

João Victor is a young Brazilian lawyer who leads our team of International Justice and Human Rights. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Law from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and possesses over 5 years of experience in dealing with Human Rights and International Law issues both in Brazil and internationally, including the protection of refugees’ rights and the strengthening of accountability measures against torture crimes.

João has an extensive research engagement with subjects related to International Justice in general, and more specifically with the study of the jurisprudence of Human Rights Courts regarding the rise of populist and anti-terrorist measures taken by national governments. He is also interested in the different impacts that new technologies may provoke on the maintenance of Human Rights online, and how enforcing the due diligence rules among private technology companies might secure these rights against gross Human Rights violations.

Linkedin
Célinne Bodinger
Environment and Human Rights Coordinator

As the Environment and Human Rights Coordinator, Célinne is passionate about the health of our planet and every life on it.

Linkedin
Angela Roncetti
Team Coordinator and Head Researcher- South America

Angela holds a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B) from Vitória Law School (FDV) in Brazil. Her research combines more than five years of experience conducting debates and studies on the rights of homeless people, the elderly, children, and refugees. Besides that, she also volunteers in a social project called Sou Diferente (I am Different in English), where she coordinates and takes part in actions aimed at the assistance and the emancipation of vulnerable groups in the cities of the metropolitan area of Espírito Santo state (Brazil).

Linkedin
Lina Borchardt
Team Head (Promotions)
(Europe)

She is currently heading the Promotions Team and University Chapter of Global Human Rights Defence. Her background is the one of European and International Law, which I am studying in The Hague. She has previously gained experience at Women´s Rights organizations in Germany, the Netherlands and Turkey over the past years.
She has been working for Global Human Rights Defence in the Netherlands since 2020. Her focus now is concentrated on the Human Rights and Minorities Film Festival and the cooperation of GHRD with students across the country.

Linkedin
Pedro Ivo Oliveira
Team Coordinator and Researcher
(Africa)

Pedro holds an extensive background in Human Rights, especially in Global Health, LGBTQ+ issues, and HIV and AIDS. He is currently finishing his Bachelor’s Degree in International Relations and Affairs at the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Moreover, he successfully attended the Bilingual Summer School in Human Rights Education promoted by the Federal University of Minas Gerais and the Association of Universities of the Montevideo Group. Besides, Pedro Ivo has a diversified professional background, collecting experiences in many NGOs and projects.

With outstanding leadership abilities, in 2021, Pedro Ivo was the Secretary-General of the 22nd edition of the biggest UN Model in Latin America: the MINIONU. Fluent in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, Pedro Ivo is the Team Coordinator and Head Researcher of the Team Africa at Global Human Rights Defence. Hence, his focus is to empower his team from many parts of the world about the Human Rights Situation in the African continent, meanwhile having a humanized approach.

Linkedin
Alessandro Cosmo
GHRD Youth Ambassador
(European Union)

Alessandro Cosmo obtained his B.A. with Honors from Leiden University College where he studied International Law with a minor in Social and Business Entrepreneurship. He is currently pursuing an LL.M. in Public International Law at Utrecht University with a specialization in Conflict and Security. 
As GHRD’s E.U. Youth Ambassador, Alessandro’s two main focuses are to broaden the Defence’s reach within E.U. institutions and political parties, as well as mediate relations between human rights organizations abroad seeking European funding. 
Alessandro believes that human rights advocacy requires grass-roots initiatives where victims’ voices are amplified and not paraphrased or spoken for. He will therefore act on this agenda when representing Global Human Rights Defence domestically and abroad

Linkedin
Veronica Delgado
Team Coordinator and Researcher- Japan, Sri Lanka & Tibet

Veronica is a Colombian lawyer who leads our team of Japan, Sri Lanka and Tibet. She holds a master’s degree in Public International Law from Utrecht University. She has experience in Colombian law firms. Here she represented clients before constitutional courts. She also outlined legal concepts to state entities such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ombudsman’s Office on international law issues.

Veronica has an extensive research background with subjects related to public international law. She worked as an assistant researcher for more than two years for the Externado University of Colombia. Here she undertook in-depth research on constitutional, business, and human rights law issues. She was involved with consultancy services with the Colombian Army regarding transitional justice. 

Linkedin
Wiktoria Walczyk
Coordinator & Head Researcher (Nepal & Indonesia)

Wiktoria Walczyk has joined GHRD in June 2020 as a legal intern. She is currently coordinator and head researcher of Team Nepal and Indonesia. She has an extensive legal knowledge concerning international human rights and is passionate about children’s and minorities’ rights. Wiktoria has obtained her LL.B. in International & European Law and she specialised in Public International Law & Human Rights at The Hague University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands. Moreover, she is pursuing her LL.M. in International & European Law and focusing on Modern Human Rights Law specialisation at the University of Wroclaw in Poland. In order to gain an essential legal experience, Wiktoria has also joined Credit Suisse’s 2021 General Counsel Graduate First Program where she is conducting her legal training and discovering the banking world. She would like to make a significant impact when it comes to the protection of fundamental human rights around the world, especially with regard to child labour. 

Linkedin
Fairuz Sewbaks
Coordinator and Head Researcher
(Africa)​

Fairuz Sewbaks holds extensive legal knowledge regarding international human rights, with a specific focus on human rights dealings taking place in continental Africa. She holds a bachelor’s degree from The Hague University in public international law and international human rights and successfully followed advanced human rights courses at the Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria. She furthermore participated in the Istanbul Summer School where she was educated about the role of epidemics and pandemics in light of human rights.

 

Fairuz is the coordinator and head researcher for GHRD Africa. Her primary focus is to establish and coordinate long-term research projects regarding the differentiating human rights dealings of vulnerable and marginalized groups in continental Africa, as well as conducting individual research projects.

Linkedin
Priya Lachmansingh
Coordinator and Head Researcher, Political Advisor
(Asia & America)

Priya Lachmansingh is currently pursuing her bachelor’s degree in International & European
Law at the Hague University of Applied Science.
As GHRD’s Asia & America human rights coordinator and GHRD Political Advisor, Priya’s
prominent focus is to highlight human rights violations targeted against minority and
marginalized groups in Asia and America and to broaden GHRD reach within Dutch political
parties and as well seek domestic funding.

Linkedin
Jasmann Chatwal
Team Coordinator & Head Coordinator: North America

Jasmann is a political science student at Leiden University who joined GHRD in May 2021 as an intern in team Pakistan. Now, she is the team coordinator for North America and is responsible for coordinating the documentation of human rights violations in USA, Canada, and America. 

Linkedin