Introduction
Persistent ‘Drug War’ Killings and Lack of Accountability
The Human Rights Watch (HRW) report emphasises that, despite the Marcos administration’s claims of shifting toward a rehabilitation-centred approach to drug policy, extrajudicial killings continue unabated. From January to November 15th, 2024 at least 332 drug suspects were killed by police or unidentified assailants, bringing the total number of killings since Marcos took office in July 2022 to 841 (Human Rights Watch, 2025).
Accountability remains elusive, as only four police officers have been convicted of drug-related killings since 2018. Despite repeated promises from the Marcos administration to address human rights violations, substantial evidence of misconduct remains unaddressed, particularly concerning officials from the Duterte era. Families of victims continue to face harassment and threats while seeking justice, perpetuating a culture of impunity.
International Criminal Court (ICC) Investigation
A notable development under Marcos Jr. is the administration’s apparent willingness to engage with the ICC. The ICC is investigating alleged crimes against humanity committed during the Duterte administration’s brutal anti-drug campaign, which has continued under Marcos Jr. Despite initial resistance, Justice Secretary Jesus Crispin Remulla indicated in early 2025 that discussions with the ICC could soon begin under clearly defined conditions (Human Rights Watch, 2025).
However, skepticism remains regarding the sincerity of this shift. Many human rights organisations fear the government’s apparent openness may be a tactic to relieve international pressure rather than a genuine effort to deliver justice.
Harassment and ‘Red-Tagging’ of Activists
The HRW report also highlights the ongoing harassment and red-tagging of activists, journalists, and human rights defenders. This practice, which involves accusing individuals or organisations of links to communist insurgency, has led to arbitrary arrests, violence, and even forced disappearances. In 2024 alone, at least four new cases of enforced disappearances were reported, primarily involving activists and environmental defenders (Human Rights Watch, 2025).
Journalists remain vulnerable to intimidation, online abuse, and legal persecution. The Duterte-era cyber-libel law continues to be weaponised against independent media outlets that report on human rights violations or corruption.
The Case of Mary Jane Veloso
A significant human rights-related event in 2024 was the repatriation of Mary Jane Fiesta Veloso, a Filipina migrant worker who spent over 15 years on death row in Indonesia for alleged drug trafficking. Veloso maintained her innocence, claiming she was exploited by a human trafficking syndicate. Her return to the Philippines was made possible by a bilateral prisoner transfer agreement between the Philippines and Indonesia signed on December 6th, 2024 (Human Rights Watch, 2025).
While hailed as a diplomatic success, Veloso’s case underscores the need for improved protections for Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) who face abuse or wrongful prosecution abroad. Advocacy groups continue to push for systemic reforms to prevent similar injustices in the future.
Challenges and Recommendations
Despite attempting to distance itself from the harsh policies of the Duterte administration, the Marcos government’s reforms have been largely superficial. While rhetoric has shifted toward rehabilitation and cooperation with international bodies, tangible actions remain insufficient.
HRW and other advocacy groups recommend the following measures to improve the human rights situation in the Philippines:
- End Extrajudicial Killings: Implement robust safeguards against unlawful killings and ensure accountability for past abuses;
- Cooperate with the ICC: Allow thorough, independent investigations, and collaborate with international organisations to ensure justice;
- Stop Red-Tagging: Protect activists and journalists from harassment and state-sponsored threats;
- Strengthen Judicial Reforms: Enhance judicial independence to guarantee fair trials and the prompt resolution of human rights violations; and
- Improve Migrant Worker Protections: Increase legal aid and support mechanisms for OFWs facing exploitation or unjust detention.
Conclusion
While the Marcos administration has made some progress, significant human rights concerns remain unaddressed. Meaningful reform will require concrete actions beyond mere promises. Accountability, legislative protections, and genuine cooperation with international organisations will be essential to truly improving the Philippines’ human rights record.
Bibliography
Kurlantzick, J. (2025, March 7). Marcos Jr. Lies About Ending the Brutal Philippine Drug War-And a Lot More. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved March 7, 2025 from https://www.cfr.org/article/marcos-jr-lies-about-ending-brutal-philippine-drug-war-and-lot-more
Marcos admin’s human rights performance falls short. (2025, January 16). MindaNews. Retrieved March 7, 2025 from https://mindanews.com/top-stories/2025/01/report-marcos-admins-human-rights-performance-falls-short/#gsc.tab=0
Philippines: Marcos Rights Gains Fall Short. (2025, January 16). Human Rights Watch. Retrieved March 7, 2025 from https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/01/16/philippines-marcos-rights-gains-fall-short
Wong, A. C. (2025, February 21). A family feud in the Philippines. The Lowy Institute. Retrieved March 7, 2025 from https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/family-feud-philippines
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